LOK SABHA

Lok Sabha the Indian Parliament's lower house. The upper house of the Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha

. The Lok Sabha is composed of representatives elected by direct election by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage. According to the Constitution of India, the maximum number of members in the house can be up to 552, out of which 530 members can represent different states and up to 20 members can be represented by union territories. If there is not enough representation in the house, the President can nominate 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha if he wishes.

The term of the Lok Sabha is 5 years but it can be dissolved before time.

History

First Lok Sabha 1952 After the first general elections, the country got its first Lok Sabha. The Indian National Congress won power with 364 seats. With this, Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India. The Indian National Congress then got around 45 per cent of the votes.

Number of seats according to states

Each state of India gets members of the Lok Sabha on the basis of its population. Currently, it is based on the 1971 population. The next time the number of members of the Lok Sabha will be determined in the year 2026. Earlier, member locations were determined based on the census of each decade. This work was done from the 84th Constitutional Amendment (2001) so that the states do not try to get maximum space on the basis of their population.

In the present context, the representation of North India in terms of the number of seats distributed according to the population of the states is much less than in South India. While the four southern states, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala, with a combined population of just 21% of the country's population, 129 Lok Sabha seats have been allotted whereas, the most populous Hindi speaking states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar Whose combined population is 25.1% of the country's population, only 120 seats come to account. [5] Currently, the House has 545 members, including the Speaker and two nominated members of the Anglo-Indian community. [6]

Lok Sabha seats are divided between 29 states and 7 union territories as follows: -

Subdivision	type	Number of constituencies
Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Union territories	1
Andhra Pradesh	state	25
National Capital Delhi	Union territories	7
Arunachal Pradesh	state	2
Assam	state	14
Bihar	state	40
Chandigarh	Union territories	1
Chhattisgarh	state	11
Dadra and Nagar Haveli	Union territories	1
Daman and Diu	Union territories	1
Goa	state	1
Gujarat	state	26
Haryana	state	10
Himachal Pradesh	state	4
Jammu and Kashmir	Kendra sashit pradesh	6
Jharkhand	state	14
Karnataka	state	28
Kerala	state	20
Lakshadweep	Union territories	1
Madhya Pradesh	state	29
Maharashtra	state	48
Manipur	state	2
Meghalaya	state
Nagaland	state	1
Orissa	state	21
Puducherry	Union territories	1
Punjab	state	13
Rajasthan	state	25
Sikkim	state	1
Tamil nadu	state	39
Tripura	state	2
Uttarakhand	state	5
Uttar Pradesh	state	80
West Bengal	state	42
Telangana	state	17

Anglo-Indians - 2 [If nominated President (under Article 331 of the Constitution)]

Term of Lok Sabha

If it is not dissolved before time, the term of the Lok Sabha is from its first sitting to the next five years, after which it is automatically dissolved. If a proclamation of emergency is declared during the term of the Lok Sabha, the Parliament has the right to extend its term by law up to a maximum of one year at a time, while in the event of the termination of the proclamation, it shall be six months under any circumstances. Can not be extended more than.

Special powers of Lok Sabha

The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha only. A motion of no confidence can only be brought against the government.
It is the deciding house in passing the money bill.
The proposal to continue the national emergency will be brought and passed only in the Lok Sabha.

Lok Sabha officials

Lok Sabha Speaker (Speaker)

The Lok Sabha elects one of its elected members as its Speaker (Speaker). The Speaker is assisted in the conduct of business by the Deputy Speaker, who is also elected by the elected members of the Lok Sabha. The responsibility of conducting business in the Lok Sabha is that of the Speaker. The present Speaker is Lok Birla Om Birla.

The Lok Sabha Speaker has two functions -
1. To preside over the Lok Sabha and to maintain discipline, dignity and prestige in it. He is not liable before any court for this work.

2. He is the administrative chairman of the Secretariat attached to the Lok Sabha but as to this role, he will be responsible before the court.

Special Powers of the Speaker
1. The Speaker shall be the Speaker after convening a joint session of both the Houses. If he is absent, the Deputy Speaker and in the absence of him, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or any member nominated by the session is the Speaker of the session.

2. The speaker determines the money bill. If the speaker does not attest to the money bill, then that bill will not be considered as a money bill. The decision of the speaker is final and binding.

3. All parliamentary committees function under his subordination. If he is elected a member of any committee, he will be its ex-officio chairman.

4. Even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, the speaker continues to work in the post. He leaves his post only after the new Lok Sabha is elected.

Acting Speaker ( Protem Speaker)

When a new Lok Sabha is elected, then the President appoints the Acting Speaker as the Member who has the longest experience of being a Member of Parliament. He is sworn in by the President.
It has two functions -
1. Swearing of Members of Parliament, and
2. The new speaker also becomes the President of the election process.

Vice president

Members of Lok Sabha elect one of their own as the Deputy Speaker. If the membership of the Lok Sabha ceases to be a member of the Lok Sabha, then the post of Speaker or Deputy Speaker also ends. The vice president addresses his resignation letter to the chairman. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker can be removed (removed from the post) according to the resolution agreed by a majority of the members present in the Lok Sabha.

Presently the post of Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is vacant, as the term of the outgoing Deputy Speaker M. Thambidurai was completed by the dissolution of the 16th Lok Sabha (25.05.2019).

Lok Sabha session

According to Article 85 of the Constitution, Parliament will always be organized in such a way that there is no difference of more than 6 months between the two sessions of Parliament. As such, Parliament is held in three regular sessions and special sessions. The sessions are organized by presidential communiqué.

1. The budget session is the first session of the year. Normally, it runs between February and May. It is considered to be the longest and the most important session. In this session, the budget is proposed and passed. At the beginning of the session, the President's address is

2. The monsoon session is mid-July to August

3. Autumn session is between November-December.

Special session - there are two differences

1. A special session of Parliament.
2. A special session of Lok Sabha

Special Session of Parliament - The President conducts these on the advice of the Prime Minister. They are held in the middle of a regular session or separately;
A special session is discussed and passed in a particular session, if the House may not do any other work. is

A special session of Lok Sabha - Article 352 describes it, but it has been established since the 44th amendment 1978 if
at least 1/10 members of Lok Sabha bring a resolution
asking not to continue the national emergency. The session will be called within 14 days of giving

Prorogation - The prorogation of the House is done by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers, in which a session of the Parliament ends
and the Parliament can re-session only if the President issues the summons of the session, in the event of pruning, the
work pending before the Parliament is not finished. is

Adjournment - A short time interval is brought by the Speaker of a House in the middle of a session, this does
not end the session or the pending work ends before him.

1. Indeterminate carpet
2. When the next meeting time is given

Dissolution of Lok Sabha - done by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers. This ends the life of the Lok Sabha. After this only general election is held. After dissolution, all the pending works which are before the Lok Sabha cease, but the bills which have been brought in Rajya Sabha and the same are pending, do not end or the bills which are pending before the President are also not finished or the President of Parliament. Let's call a joint sitting of both the houses before the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.

Legislative proceedings

There are 4 types of process/bill

General bill

It has 6 features
1. Be defined
2. The President should be allowed
3. Where is the bill proposed
4. Special powers of the House
should come
5. How much the majority is needed 6? Impeachment of the motion
This is a bill which constitution amendment money or finance bill does not have it can be brought in either House of Parliament if the article is not linked to the 3 it should not be Anunshsa of Rashtrpti
simple majority in order to have equal legislative Sktiyhaँ both Sdn in passing this bill passed it
should If a motion is created on rejection by a House, the President convenes a joint meeting of both the Houses
on the advice of the Council of Ministers when the
President comes to the bill, he can send it back to Parliament or approve it or unsure. Can hold for the time

Money bill

Bills which are completely related to one or more matters mentioned in Article 110 are called Money Bills. These are the matters
1.
levying, removing, regulating any tax 2. borrowing money or any financial responsibility which the Government of India should take
3. Withdrawal/deposit of funds from the Emergency / Consolidated Fund of India 4.
Determination of the number of funds of the irrigated fund
5. Expenditure which is to be declared as weighted on the Consolidated Fund of India
6. Approval for withdrawal of funds in the Consolidated Fund
7. Any such Taking the matter which is different from this, the
money bill can only be proposed in the Lok Sabha. Before it is brought, the approval of the President is necessary. A simple majority of the House is required to pass them
. Neither can the Rajya Sabha amend the money bill? Reject
When a money bill is passed by the Lok Sabha, the bill is taken to the Rajya Sabha with the certification of the speaker. The Rajya Sabha
can pass this bill or stay it for 14 days, but after that, the bill
will be passed by both the houses. Any amendment suggested by the Rajya Sabha will depend on the will of the Lok Sabha to accept
or not. When this bill is sent to the President, it will always approve it.
Financial bill is a bill which is separate from one or more money bill provisions. And related to non-money matters, a finance bill also contains matters related to general provisions along with money provisions, the power to pass such a bill would be same in both the houses.

Constitutional amendment bill

A bill proposed under Article 368 that seeks to amend one or more of the constitution's amendments is called an amendment bill. It can be brought in any House of Parliament without the approval of the President. The number and the total majority of the house will be passed only by the second house, but it will be passed in the same way, but this bill will be passed in a separate conference of the houses in the event of a deadlock, as in the case of a general bill, there is no joint sitting of the houses. Will be called

Impediment in passing the bill

When there is a dispute between the two houses of Parliament to pass the bill or when the bill passed by one house is rejected by the other or by making such amendments which the original house may reject or hold it for 6 months, then The situation of middle movement takes place, according to Article 108, the President will call a joint sitting of both the houses in which case a decision will be taken by a simple majority, so far only such a meeting has been called on three occasions
1. The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
2. Banking Service Planning Amendment Act 1978
3.
Safeguards against the amendment to the Pota Act 2002 1. Judicial review is eligible 2.
Not against the basic structure of the
constitution 3. Comes within the amending power of Parliament
4. The supremacy of the Constitution, Law Let the balance of the three limbs be ruled
5. When connected to the structure of the Union, half the states get approval from the legislature
6. Coalition politics also gives effective safeguards against the constitutional amendment because the days of unilateral absolute majority are over

Promulgation of ordinance

Article 123 gives the President the power to issue an ordinance. This will be issued when the President is satisfied that the circumstances are such that action needs to be taken immediately and 1 or both the Houses of Parliament are not in session, then he can issue an ordinance. The ordinance will lose its influence within 6 weeks of the reintroduction of Parliament, although it will continue if both the houses approve it.

This power is also eligible for revision by the court, but the act of proving the misuse or maliciousness of the power will be on the person who challenges it. It may also be appropriate to prorogate the Parliament for issuing an ordinance as the ordinance may be needed immediately. While Parliament takes time to pass any act, we can consider the ordinance to be a temporary law, it falls within the power of the President's legislature and not the executive. He also does this work on the advice of the Council of Ministers if ever Parliament rejects any ordinance. So even if it is destroyed but the work done under it does not become illegal, control over the President's power to issue ordinances

1. Each ordinance issued must be approved by both the Houses of Parliament within 6 weeks of the commencement of their session, thus no ordinance can last more than 6 months + 6 weeks without the approval of Parliament.

2. The Lok Sabha can pass a resolution rejecting an ordinance before the end of the 6-week period.

3. The President's Ordinance is the subject of judicial review

President's Address to Parliament

It always prepares the Council of Ministers. This happens nothing except the declaration of government policies. A motion of thanks is passed at the end of the session. If this resolution is not passed in the Lok Sabha, it is considered a policy defeat of the government and the government has to prove its majority immediately. In the first session of each year of Parliament and immediately after the Lok Sabha elections, the President addresses a joint meeting of both the Houses. This address represents the first session of the year. The President of these joint meetings is the President himself.
In the address, the achievements and policies of the government are described and reviewed (which took place in the previous year), policies related to internal problems are also announced in this. The proposed legislative proceedings that have to be brought before the Parliament in that year's sessions are also mentioned in the address. After the address, both the members meet separately and discuss it which is given sufficient time.

Parliament control over the finance system

According to Article 265, no tax shall be levied nor charged by the executive without the authority of law. As per Article 266, approval of Parliament is necessary before any money is spent/deposited from the Consolidated Fund of India.
According to Article 112, the President will put the annual financial account of the Government of India before the Parliament. This financial account is the budget.

Budget

The budget is a statement of income-expenditure of the government.
1. Turn on the estimated budget which GOI future years
2. It describes raise revenue for expenses for future years
3. The details of the actual budget of the previous year in the budget is
generally February budget normally Finance It is presented in the Lok Sabha on the first day of the same time, budget papers are kept in the Rajya Sabha also. This is a money bill.
Generally -
1 - Actual Estimates for the previous year,
2 - Revised Estimates for the current year,
3 - Proposed Estimates for the next year
are presented. Therefore, the budget is related to the data of 3 years.

Deduction proposal

The budget is only part of the process, it is presented only in the Lok Sabha. These are the tools that the Lok Sabha members use for executive control. They can cut down on grants. There are three types

1. Policy related deduction --- The goal of this proposal is a rejection of the policy relating to Vote on Account. This happens in the form of '-------' the demand is reduced to only Rs. 1 if this resolution is passed. If it is considered a policy defeat of the government, it has to prove its faith immediately.

2. Economical deduction - reduces the expenditure of the Government of India to the extent that it will be economical as per the opinion of the Parliament. This deduction is not considered a policy defeat of the government.

3. Indicative deduction --- The purpose of these deductions is used to deal with the special complaints of Members of Parliament which are related to the Government of India, under which only Rs. 100 is deducted from the money sought. This deduction is also not considered as a policy defeat. is

Vote on Account (Vote on Account)

Anu 116 describes this provision according to which the Lok Sabha adopts an immediate measure called Vote on Account. By this measure, it gives permission to the Government of India to spend even in the future financial year until the budget is passed. It is part of the budget, but if the Council of Ministers wants it to be passed, then it becomes the interim budget as in 2004 the NDA. The budget was made during the last budget of the government, then the budget was introduced by the new UPA government.
' Vote on credit [repatriation] Lok Sabha can give money for any expenditure which can be described on any scale or any service item. It is not possible, for example, when there is a sudden war, the expenditure on it is kept under which title? It can be considered an empty check passed by the Lok Sabha, till date it has not been
used.- Due to lack of time, the Lok Sabha passes the lump sum of all the ministries in a lump sum and does not discuss it.

Motions to be brought in parliament

No confidence motion

The implementation rules of the Lok Sabha describe this proposal. Opposition brings this proposal against the Council of Ministers in the Lok Sabha. To bring it, the support of 50 members of the Lok Sabha is necessary. It does not describe the allegations against the government, it only states that the House Does not believe in the Council of Ministers. Once submitted, this proposal becomes effective on all other proposals except the vote of thanks while giving sufficient time for this proposal, all governmental activities policies can be discussed while discussing this proposal. If passed, the Council of Ministers hand over the resignation letter to the President, no more than one motion of no confidence can be brought in a session of Parliament.

Confidence motion --- There is no description of this proposal in the rules of Lok Sabha, it has been generated as per the need so that the Council of Ministers can prove its power, it always brings the Council of Ministers. It has to be resigned when it is dropped.

Condemnation proposal --- Opposition in the Lok Sabha opposes/condemns any special policy of the government by bringing this proposal. No prior approval is necessary if it is passed in the Lok Sabha, then the Council of Ministers shows its stability by bringing a motion of confidence in the stipulated time. It is mandatory for him.

Work Stop Proposal --- Opposition brings this proposal in the Lok Sabha, it is a unique motion in which all the proceedings of the House are stopped and any one issue of immediate public importance is raised and the effect of the motion of condemnation on the government on passing of the resolution is released.

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